Methods for forming interconnects in microelectronic workpieces and microelectronic workpieces formed using such methods

ABSTRACT

Methods for forming interconnects in microelectronic workpieces and microelectronic workpieces having such interconnects are disclosed herein. One aspect of the invention is directed toward a method for manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece having a plurality of microelectronic dies. The individual dies include an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit. In one embodiment, the method includes forming an opening in the workpiece in alignment with the terminal. The opening can be a through-hole extending through the workpiece or a blind hole that extends only partially through the substrate. The method continues by constructing an electrically conductive interconnect in the workpiece by depositing a solder material into at least a portion of the opening and in electrical contact with the terminal. In embodiments that include forming a blind hole, the workpiece can be thinned either before or after forming the hole.

APPLICATIONS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The present application is in a related area of subject matter as the following U.S. applications, which are incorporated herein by reference: U.S. application Ser. No. 10/879,398 entitled “Packaged Microelectronic Imagers and Methods of Packaging Microelectronic Imagers” filed Jun. 29, 2004; and U.S. application Ser. No. 10/864,974 entitled “Packaged Microelectronic Imagers and Methods of Packaging Microelectronic Imagers” filed Jun. 10, 2004.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to forming interconnects in microelectronic workpieces and microelectronic workpieces formed using such methods.

BACKGROUND

Conventional packaged microelectronic devices can include a singulated microelectronic die, an interposer substrate or lead frame attached to the die, and a molded casing around the die. The die generally includes an integrated circuit and a plurality of bond-pads coupled to the integrated circuit. The bond-pads are typically coupled to terminals on the interposer substrate or lead frame, and supply voltage, signals, etc., are transmitted to and from the integrated circuit via the bond-pads. In addition to the terminals, the interposer substrate can also include ball-pads coupled to the terminals by conductive traces supported in a dielectric material. Solder balls can be attached to the ball-pads in one-to-one correspondence to define a “ball-grid array.” Packaged microelectronic devices with ball-grid arrays are generally higher grade packages having lower profiles and higher pin counts than conventional packages using lead frames.

Packaged microelectronic devices such as those described above are used in cellphones, pagers, personal digital assistants, computers, and many other electronic products. To meet the demand for smaller electronic products, there is a continuing drive to increase the performance of packaged microelectronic devices, while at the same time reducing the height and the surface area or “footprint” of such devices on printed circuit boards. Reducing the size of high-performance devices, however, is difficult because the sophisticated integrated circuitry of such devices requires more bond-pads, which results in larger ball-grid arrays and thus larger footprints. One technique for increasing the component density of microelectronic devices within a given footprint is to stack one device on top of another.

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a first microelectronic device 10 attached to a second microelectronic device 20 in a wire-bonded, stacked-die arrangement. The first microelectronic device 10 includes a die 12 having an integrated circuit 14 electrically coupled to a series of bond-pads 16. A redistribution layer 18 electrically couples a plurality of first solder balls 11 to corresponding bond-pads 16. The second microelectronic device 20 similarly includes a die 22 having an integrated circuit 24 electrically coupled to a series of bond-pads 26. A redistribution layer 28 electrically couples a plurality of second solder balls 21 to corresponding bond-pads 26. Wire-bonds 13 extending from the first solder balls 11 to the second solder balls 21 electrically couple the first microelectronic device 10 to the second microelectronic device 20.

Forming the wire-bonds 13 in the stacked device shown in FIG. 1 can be complex and/or expensive because it requires placing individual wires between corresponding pairs of contacts (e.g., the first solder balls 11 and the second solder balls 21). Further, this type of installation may not be feasible for the high-density, fine-pitch arrays of some high-performance devices because the contacts are not spaced far enough apart to be connected to individual wire-bonds. As such, processes for packaging the dies have become a significant factor in manufacturing microelectronic devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a first microelectronic device attached to a second microelectronic device in a stacked-die arrangement in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a microelectronic workpiece configured in accordance with several embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating stages in a method for forming electrically conductive interconnects in a microelectronic workpiece in accordance with several embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 is flow chart illustrating stages in a method for forming an electrically conductive interconnect in a through-hole in the microelectronic workpiece in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 5A-5G are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating a method for forming an electrically conductive through-wafer interconnect for providing a backside array of contact pads in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 6A-6F are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating a method for forming an electrically conductive through-wafer interconnect for providing a backside array of contact pads in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 7A and 7B are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating a method for forming an electrically conductive through-wafer interconnect for providing a backside array of contact pads in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is flow chart illustrating a method for forming an electrically conductive interconnect in a blind hole in the microelectronic workpiece in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 9A-9J are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating a method for forming an electrically conductive through-wafer interconnect for providing a backside array of contact pads in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 10A-10E are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating a method for forming an electrically conductive through-wafer interconnect for providing a backside array of contact pads in accordance with still another embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 11A-11H are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating a method for forming an electrically conductive through-wafer interconnect for providing a backside array of contact pads in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 12A-12C are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating stages of a method for depositing an electrically conductive fill material into a blind hole in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 is a schematic side cross-sectional view illustrating a stage of a method for depositing an electrically conductive fill material into a blind hole in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 14 is a schematic side cross-sectional view illustrating a stage of a method for depositing an electrically conductive fill material into a blind hole in accordance with still another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 15 is a schematic side cross-sectional view of a packaged microelectronic device in accordance with one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A. Overview

The following disclosure describes several embodiments of methods for forming electrically conductive through-wafer interconnects in microelectronic workpieces and microelectronic workpieces having such interconnects. Such interconnects electrically couple terminals or other conductive elements proximate to one side of the workpiece to conductive elements proximate to the other side of the workpiece. The following describes several embodiments of methods for forming interconnects in (1) through-holes extending through the workpiece, and (2) blind holes or vias extending to an intermediate depth in the workpiece.

One aspect of the invention is directed toward a method for manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece having a plurality of microelectronic dies. The individual dies include an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit. In one embodiment, the method includes forming an opening in the workpiece in alignment with the terminal. The opening can be a through-hole extending through the workpiece or a blind hole that extends only partially through the substrate. The opening can be etched and/or cut using a laser. The method continues by applying an isolation material to at least a portion of the opening. The isolation material electrically insulates the other components in the substrate from the solder material filling the opening. The method further includes depositing a solder material into at least a portion of the opening and in electrical contact with the terminal to construct an electrically conductive interconnect in the workpiece. In embodiments that include forming a blind hole, the workpiece can be thinned either before or after forming the hole.

One embodiment of a method for constructing the interconnect includes depositing an isolation material onto the workpiece and into the opening using a pulsed layer deposition process. The method continues by depositing a barrier layer onto the workpiece and into the opening. The barrier layer protects the other components in the workpiece from the other materials in the opening (e.g., copper). The method then includes depositing a seed layer onto the workpiece and into the opening. A layer of resist is then deposited over the workpiece and an aperture is formed over the opening. A conductive layer is then deposited into the opening and over at least a portion of the seed layer to form a conductive liner in the opening. The conductive layer can act as a wetting agent for filling the opening with solder material to form the interconnect. The opening is then filled with the solder material. The layer of resist is then stripped from the workpiece and the exposed portions of the seed layer are removed using a suitable etching process.

In another embodiment, constructing the interconnect includes depositing an isolation material including a silane-based oxide material onto the workpiece and into the opening. The method then includes depositing a barrier layer onto the workpiece and into the opening. The method further includes depositing a wetting layer over at least a portion of the barrier layer. The opening is then filled with the solder material.

In still another embodiment, constructing the interconnect can include depositing a dielectric liner onto the workpiece and into the opening. The dielectric liner can include a furnace oxide or another suitable dielectric material. The method further includes depositing a conductive layer over at least a portion of the dielectric liner and depositing a wetting layer over at least a portion of the conductive layer. The opening is then filled with the solder material.

Another aspect of the invention is directed toward a microelectronic assembly including a microelectronic workpiece having a substrate with a front side and a backside. The assembly can also include a plurality of microelectronic dies on and/or in the substrate. The individual dies include an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit. The assembly can also include an opening extending at least partially through the substrate and in alignment with the terminal. An isolation material can be disposed in the opening an in contact with the substrate. In several embodiments, the isolation material includes a low temperature oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition process. In other embodiments, the isolation material can include a silane-based oxide material or anther suitable dielectric material. The assembly further includes an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the opening and in electrical contact with the terminal. The interconnect includes a solder material, such as a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, a AuSn solder, a solder having another composition, and/or other suitable materials or alloys of materials having the desired conductivity. Solder balls or other external electrical contacts are subsequently attached to the interconnects at the backside of the workpiece.

Specific details of several embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to interconnects extending from a terminal proximate to the front side of a workpiece, but the methods and workpieces described below can be used for other types of interconnects within microelectronic workpieces. Several details describing structures or processes that are well known and often associated with other types of microelectronic devices are not set forth in the following description for purposes of brevity. Moreover, although the following disclosure sets forth several embodiments of the invention, several other embodiments of the invention can have different configurations or components than those described in this section. As such, it should be understood that the invention may have other embodiments with additional elements or without several of the elements described below with reference to FIGS. 2-15.

B. Microelectronic Workpieces Having Interconnects

FIG. 2 is a side cross-sectional view of a microelectronic workpiece 200 configured in accordance with several embodiments of the invention. The microelectronic workpiece 200 illustrated in FIG. 2 includes a substrate 210 having a front side 212, a backside 214, and a plurality of microelectronic dies 220 formed on and/or in the substrate 210. The individual dies 220 can include an integrated circuit 222 and external contacts 230 electrically coupled to the integrated circuit 222.

The external contacts 230 shown in FIG. 2 provide a small array of ball-pads within the footprint of each die 220. Each external contact 230, for example, can include a terminal 232 (e.g., a bond-pad), an external contact pad 234 (e.g., a ball-pad), and an interconnect 236 coupling the terminal 232 to the contact pad 234. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the terminals 232 are on the front side 212 of the substrate 210, the contact pads 234 are on the backside 214 of the substrate 210, and the interconnects 236 are through-wafer interconnects that extend completely through the substrate 210 to couple the terminals 232 to the contact pads 234. In other embodiments, however, the dies 220 may not include the terminals 232 on the front side 212 of the substrate 210 such that the integrated circuit 222 is coupled directly to the contact pads 234 on the backside 214 of the substrate 210 by interconnects that extend only through a portion of the substrate 210. After forming the interconnects 236, the microelectronic workpiece 200 can be cut along lines A-A to singulate the microelectronic dies 220.

The interconnects 236 enable the contact pads 234 to be on the backside 214 of the substrate 210, which provides several advantages. More specifically, the external contact pads 234 can be located on the backside 214 of the substrate 210 because the interconnects 236 shown in FIG. 2 are through-wafer interconnects that extend to the backside 214 of the substrate 210. The backside arrays of contact pads 234 allow the dies 220 to be stacked on other dies or attached directly to an interposer substrate without peripheral wirebonds. The dies 220 with the interconnects 236 are more robust than dies that require wire-bonds, and the individual dies 220 also have a significantly smaller footprint and profile than the conventional stacked devices shown in FIG. 1. Accordingly, the dies 220 can be used in smaller electronic devices. These advantages and others are described in greater detail below.

C. Methods for Forming Interconnects in Microelectronic Workpieces

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method 300 for forming interconnects in a microelectronic workpiece in accordance with several embodiments of the invention. The method 300 includes forming a hole or deep via through the workpiece at stage 310. The hole or via can be created before, during, or after all the other microelectronic components of the workpiece are fabricated. At stage 320, the method 300 includes forming a dielectric liner in the hole or via. The dielectric liner electrically insulates the components of the workpiece from conductive material that is subsequently deposited into the hole or via to form an interconnect. The dielectric liner can include a variety of materials and/or layers. At stage 330, a wetting layer is formed on the dielectric liner. The wetting layer facilitates depositing subsequent materials into the hole or via. The wetting layer can also include a variety of materials and/or layers. The hole or via is filled with solder at stage 340 to form an electrically conductive interconnect through at least a portion of the workpiece. The solder can be deposited into the hole or via in a number of ways. In several embodiments, the workpiece may be thinned at an optional stage 350 either before stage 310 or after stage 340. If the workpiece is thinned after stage 340, for example, the thinning process will generally expose a portion of the interconnect at a backside of the workpiece.

In one embodiment of the method 300, for example, the dielectric liner of stage 320 is formed using a pulsed layer deposition process. A barrier layer of tungsten is then applied over at least a portion of the dielectric liner. At stage 330, a layer of nickel is deposited onto the tungsten using an electroless plating process. At stage 340, the hole or via is filled with a SnAgCu solder using a vacuum reflow process.

In another embodiment of the method 300, a dielectric liner is formed using a silane-based oxide material at stage 320. A barrier layer of tungsten is then deposited over at least a portion of the dielectric liner. At stage 330, a layer of nickel is applied over the tungsten using an electroless plating process. The hole or via is filled at stage 340 with a SnPb solder.

In still another embodiment of the method 300, a dielectric liner is formed using a furnace oxide at stage 320. At stage 330, a layer of TiCl₄TiN is formed on at least a portion of the furnace oxide and a layer of nickel is deposited onto the layer of TiCl₄TiN using an electroplating process. At stage 340, the hole or via is filled with a SnPb solder applied using a solder wave process.

Various embodiments of the individual steps of the method 300 for forming interconnects set forth above with respect to FIG. 3 are described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 4-14; accordingly, like reference numbers refer to like components in FIGS. 4-14. More specifically, various embodiments of methods for forming interconnects in through-holes are described in more detail below under heading D entitled “Methods for Forming Interconnects in Through-Holes,” embodiments of methods for forming interconnects in blind holes are described in greater detail under heading E entitled “Methods for Forming Interconnects in Blind Holes,” and an embodiment of a microelectronic assembly is described in detail below under heading F entitled, “Embodiments of Microelectronic Devices.” Although the following description illustrates forming just one interconnect, it will be appreciated that a plurality of interconnects are constructed simultaneously through a plurality of dies on a wafer. Additionally, several embodiments of specific microelectronic assemblies are described throughout these sections.

D. Methods for Forming Interconnects in Through-Holes

FIGS. 4-7B illustrate several embodiments of methods for forming the interconnects 236 shown in FIG. 2. More specifically, FIGS. 4-7B illustrate methods for forming interconnects by filling through-holes extending completely through the workpiece 200 with a solder material. Each of the embodiments described below can be used for implementing each of the examples set forth above with respect to FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a method 400 for forming interconnects in the workpiece. The method 400 can be generally similar to the method 300 described above, except that the method 400 is directed specifically at constructing interconnects in through-holes. The method 400 first includes forming a through-hole in the workpiece at stage 410. The through-hole is etched or cut with a laser completely through the workpiece. If a laser is used, then at stage 415 the through-hole will be cleaned to remove the ablated byproducts (i.e., slag) and/or other undesirable byproducts resulting from the laser. At stage 420, the method 400 includes forming a dielectric liner in the through-hole. In several embodiments, one or more conductive layers can be deposited onto the dielectric liner at optional stage 425. A wetting agent is applied to the dielectric liner (or the optional conductive layer) at stage 430. In several embodiments, the method 400 can include a spacer etch at optional stage 435 to remove material (e.g., the dielectric liner and/or wetting agent) from surfaces that are transverse (i.e., not parallel) relative to the direction of the etchant. At stage 440, the method 400 includes depositing solder into the through-hole to form an interconnect. Finally, the end of the interconnect is capped at stage 450 to electrically couple the interconnect to the corresponding terminal.

FIGS. 5A-5G are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of method 400 (FIG. 4) in greater detail. FIG. 5A, more specifically, is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the area for one of the external contacts 230 shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, a first dielectric layer 550 is applied to the front side 212 of the substrate, and a second dielectric layer 552 is applied over the first dielectric layer 550. The second dielectric layer 552 is patterned and etched to expose the terminal 232. After exposing the terminal 232, a first hole 554 is formed through the terminal 232. The first hole 554 can be formed by etching the center of the terminal 232, but in other embodiments the first hole 554 can be formed using other suitable methods (e.g., laser). The dielectric layers 550 and 552 can be a polyimide material, but these dielectric layers can also be other nonconductive materials in other embodiments. For example, the first dielectric layer 550 and/or one or more of the subsequent dielectric layers can be a low temperature chemical vapor deposition (low temperature CVD) material, such as tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS), parylene, silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), silicon oxide (SiO₂), and/or other suitable materials. The foregoing list of dielectric materials is not exhaustive. The dielectric layers 550 and 552 are not generally composed of the same material. In addition, one or both of these layers may be omitted.

Referring to FIG. 5B, a passage or through-hole 560 is then cut through the substrate 210. The through-hole 560 extends through the substrate 210 to the first hole 554 in the terminal 232. The through-hole 560 and the first hole 554 together form a passage 562 extending through the die 220. The through-hole 560 can be formed by etching through the material using one or more etches. The through-hole 560 can alternatively be formed using a laser, as described below in FIG. 6B, in addition to or in lieu of etching.

Although laser cutting the through-hole 560 may be advantageous because the substrate 210 does not need to be patterned, etching the through-hole 560 may be easier because the slag does not need to be cleaned from the through-hole 560. Another advantage of etching the through-hole 560 is that the through-hole 560 has rounded corners, which reduce stress points within the hole so that an interconnect constructed within the hole is less susceptible to stress damage. A further advantage of using an etching process is that the front side 212 of the substrate 210 can be patterned and etched to simultaneously form a plurality of through-holes 560 aligned with corresponding terminals 232.

Referring next to FIG. 5C, a third dielectric layer 570 is applied to the die 220 to line the sidewall of the through-hole 560 in the substrate 210. The third dielectric layer 570 is an isolation material that electrically insulates the components of the substrate 210 from an interconnect that is subsequently formed in the passage 562 as described in greater detail below. In the illustrated embodiment, the third dielectric layer 570 not only lines the exposed portions of the substrate 210 in the through-hole 560, but it also covers the terminal 232 and the second dielectric layer 552. The third dielectric layer 570 can be a low temperature CVD oxide. In one embodiment, for example, the third dielectric layer 570 is an aluminum-rich oxide material applied using a pulsed layer deposition process. In another embodiment, the third dielectric layer 570 includes a silane-based oxide material. In still further embodiments, the third dielectric layer 570 can include other suitable dielectric materials. A barrier layer 571 is then deposited onto the substrate 210 over the third dielectric layer 570. The barrier layer 571 can be deposited onto the substrate 210 using a vapor deposition process, such as CVD or physical vapor deposition (PVD). The barrier layer 571 can be composed of W, Ta, or other suitable materials.

Referring to FIG. 5D, a first conductive layer 572 is deposited onto the die 220. In the illustrated embodiment, the first conductive layer 572 covers the barrier layer 571. The first conductive layer 572 is generally a wetting agent to facilitate depositing a conductive fill material into the passage 562. In one embodiment, the first conductive layer 572 is nickel (Ni). In other embodiments, the first conductive layer 572 may be another suitable material and/or the passage 562 can be coated with one or more additional layers. For example, additional layers may be added to the third dielectric layer 570 before application of the first conductive layer 572. In several embodiments, a seed layer and/or additional conductive layers can be deposited onto the barrier layer 571 before the application of the first conductive layer 572. Suitable materials and methods for applying the seed layer and additional conductive layer are described below with respect to FIGS. 9D and 9E.

Referring next to FIG. 5E, the first conductive layer 572 is etched to leave a portion of the first conductive layer 572 lining the passage 562. The first conductive layer 572 can be etched using a “dry etch” or “spacer etch” that preferentially removes material from surfaces that are transverse (i.e., not parallel) relative to the direction of the etchant. In this embodiment, the vertical portions of the first conductive layer 572 remain on the barrier layer 571 and the third dielectric layer 570 in the passage 562.

Referring next to FIG. 5F, a conductive fill material 580 is deposited into the passage 562 to form an interconnect 582 extending through the die 220. In one embodiment, the fill material 580 is SnAgCu solder deposited into the passage 562 using a vacuum reflow process. In other embodiments, the fill material 580 can be SnPb solder or solder materials having other compositions. Additionally, the fill material 580 may be deposited into the passage 562 using other methods, such as solder wave solder, plating solder, screen printing a solder plate, placing a preformed sphere of solder in the passage 562 and melting the sphere, injecting a solder paste or molten solder into the passage 562, or other suitable methods known to those of skill in the art.

Referring next to FIG. 5G, a cap 584 is formed at one end of the interconnect 582 to electrically couple the interconnect 582 to the terminal 232. In one embodiment, the cap 584 is Ni that is plated onto the interconnect 582. Alternatively, the cap 584 can be omitted by overfilling the passage 562 with the fill material 580 such that the fill material itself forms a connection to the terminal 232. A solder ball 586 or other external interconnect structure can be attached to the interconnect 582 at the backside 214 of the substrate 210 to provide an external connection to other electronic devices on the backside of the die 220.

One feature of the method described above with reference to FIGS. 5A-5G is that the passage 562 extends through the entire die 220. The passage 562 is accordingly easier to clean and fill than would otherwise be the case in certain situations when the passage is “blind” (i.e., a passage that extends only partially through the workpiece).

Another feature of the method described above in FIGS. 5A-5G is that the fill material 580 is solder. Solder is relatively inexpensive, and machinery and processes for working with solder are well known in the semiconductor arts. Furthermore, solder can be deposited into the passage 562 at fairly low temperatures, which is advantageous because high temperatures can damage the various microelectronic components on and/or in the workpiece.

FIGS. 6A-6F are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating a method for forming a through-wafer interconnect in accordance with another embodiment of method 400 (FIG. 4). Referring first to FIG. 6A, the first part of this method is similar to the steps described above with reference to FIG. 5A. The method shown in FIG. 6A, however, differs from that described above in FIG. 5A in that a third dielectric layer 656 is deposited onto the die 220 to cover the terminal 232 and fill the first hole 554 before cutting a through-hole through the substrate 210.

Referring next to FIG. 6B, a second hole 658 is etched through the third dielectric layer 656 to expose the terminal 232. The second hole 658 is typically etched to the front side 212 of the substrate 210 to open the first hole 554. A passage or through-hole 660 is then cut through the first substrate 210. The through-hole 660 extends through the substrate 210 to the first hole 554 in the terminal 232. The through-hole 660 and the first hole 554 together form a passage 662 extending through the die 220. In the illustrated embodiment, the through-hole 660 can be formed using a laser (shown schematically) to cut through the substrate 210 from the backside 214 toward the front side 212. In a different embodiment, the laser can conceivably cut from the front side 212 toward the backside 214. The laser can be aligned with respect to the terminal 232 using scanning/alignment systems known in the art.

After forming the through-hole 660, it is cleaned to remove ablated byproducts (i.e., slag) and/or other undesirable byproducts resulting from the laser. Suitable chemical cleaning agents and processes are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/879,398, which was previously incorporated by reference. The slag in the through-hole 660, however, may not be cleaned in some embodiments of this method.

Referring to FIG. 6C, a fourth dielectric layer 670 is applied to the die 220 to line the sidewall of the through-hole 660 in the substrate 210. The fourth dielectric layer 670 can be applied using CVD, PVD, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or other deposition processes. In the illustrated embodiment, the fourth dielectric layer 670 not only lines the exposed portions of the substrate 210 in the through-hole 660, but it also covers the terminal 232 and the third dielectric layer 656. The fourth dielectric layer 670 can be a low temperature CVD oxide, but in other embodiments the fourth dielectric layer 670 can be other suitable dielectric materials. The fourth dielectric layer 670 electrically insulates the components of the substrate 210 from an interconnect that is subsequently formed in the passage 662 as described in greater detail below.

After applying the fourth dielectric layer 670, a first conductive layer 672 is deposited onto the die 220. In the illustrated embodiment, the first conductive layer 672 covers the fourth dielectric layer 670. The first conductive layer 672 is generally composed of a metal, such as TiN, but in other embodiments the first conductive layer 672 can be composed of other suitable materials known to those of skill in the art. As explained below, the first conductive layer 672 provides a seed layer for plating another layer of metal into the passage 662.

Referring next to FIG. 6D, the first conductive layer 672 is etched from the horizontal and diagonal surfaces of the die 220 using a spacer etch or other process as described above with respect to FIG. 5E. The front side of the fourth dielectric layer 670 is then etched to remove the fourth dielectric layer 670 from the horizontal and diagonal surfaces of the front side 212 of the die 220, and then the third dielectric layer 656 (FIG. 6C) is removed from the die 220. The fourth dielectric layer 670 remains under the first conductive layer 672 in the passage 662 and on the backside 214 of the substrate 210 in this embodiment. The fourth dielectric layer 670 can be etched using a dry etch or spacer etch as described above. The third dielectric layer 656 can be removed using a suitable isotropic or anisotropic etch, a washing process, or a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process depending on the composition of the third dielectric layer 656. The etch of the third dielectric layer 656 (FIG. 6C) should be terminated before etching through the second dielectric layer 552.

Referring to FIG. 6E, a second conductive layer 674 is deposited onto the remaining portions of the first conductive layer 672 in the passage 662. The second conductive layer 674 is generally a wetting agent to facilitate depositing metals into the passage 662. In one embodiment, the second conductive layer 674 is Ni and the first conductive layer 672 is TiN so that the Ni can be plated onto the TiN using a suitable electroless plating process. In other embodiments, the passage 662 can be coated with other suitable materials using other methods, or one or more of the first and second conductive layers 672 and 674 may be omitted.

Referring next to FIG. 6F, a conductive fill material 680 is deposited into the passage 662 to form an interconnect 682 extending through the die 220. In one embodiment, the fill material 680 can include a SnPb solder deposited into the passage 662 using a solder wave process. In alternative embodiments, the fill material 680 may be a solder material having a different composition or another suitable electrically conductive material. Further, the fill material 680 may be deposited into the passage 662 using other methods.

FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate another method for forming an interconnect in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention. Referring first to FIG. 7A, the first part of this method is similar to the steps described above with reference to FIG. 5A, but a hole is not etched in the terminal 232. Referring next to FIG. 7B, a through-hole 760 is formed through both the substrate 210 and the terminal 232. The through-hole 760 can be formed using a laser (shown schematically), etching, or another suitable process. When the through-hole 760 is formed using a laser, a first type of slag (i.e., silicon) can coat the portion of the sidewall in the substrate 210 and a second type of slag (i.e., metal) can coat the portion of the sidewall in the terminal 232. As such, it may take two separate cleaning steps to clean the through-hole 760. In general, the cleaning agents used to clean the through-hole 760 may be limited to chemistries that do not attack or otherwise degrade either the terminal 232 or the substrate 210. After the through-hole 760 has been suitably cleaned, the die 220 can undergo additional steps that are at least generally similar to those described above with reference to FIGS. 5C-5G or FIGS. 6C-6F to construct a through-wafer interconnect.

The embodiments described above with reference to FIGS. 5A-7B include three methods for forming and/or filling through-holes in microelectronic workpieces that extend through bond-pads and/or associated substrates. In other embodiments, other methods can be used to form and/or fill such through-holes. Accordingly, the present invention is not limited to the particular methods for forming and/or filling the through-holes described above, but it also includes alternative methods for providing an electrically conductive material in a through-hole to form an array of ball-pads on the backside of the die.

E. Methods for Forming Interconnects in Blind Holes

FIGS. 8-14 illustrate additional methods for constructing the interconnects 236 shown in FIG. 2. The methods shown in FIG. 8-14 are related to those shown above in FIGS. 4-7B, but form an interconnect in a blind hole or via in the substrate 210 instead of a through-hole extending through the substrate. Each of the embodiments described below can be used for implementing each of the examples set forth above with respect to FIG. 3.

FIG. 8 is a flow chart of a method 800 for forming interconnects in blind holes in a microelectronic workpiece. The method 800 can be generally similar to the method 300 described above with respect to FIG. 3, except that the method 800 is directed specifically at constructing interconnects in blind holes or vias. The method 800 first includes forming a blind hole or blind via that does not extend completely through the workpiece at stage 810. The blind hole can be etched or cut with a laser. If a laser is used, then at stage 815 the blind hole is cleaned to remove the slag and/or other undesirable byproducts resulting from the laser. At stage 820, the method 800 includes forming a dielectric liner in the blind hole. A conductive layer is then deposited onto the dielectric liner at stage 830, and a wetting agent is applied to the dielectric liner at stage 840. In several embodiments, a first optional stage 842 includes a spacer etch to remove material (e.g., the dielectric liner, conductive layer, and/or wetting agent) from non-vertical surfaces. A second optional stage 844 includes forming a vent hole in fluid communication with the blind hole. The vent hole, which can be formed in the workpiece or a support member attached to the workpiece, extends to the blind hole to vent fluids or other gases that could otherwise be trapped in the blind hole. The method 800 continues at stage 850 by depositing solder into the blind hole to form an interconnect. A third optional stage 855 includes thinning the workpiece. The optional thinning stage 855 can occur before forming the blind holes in stage 810 or after filling the blind holes with the conductive material in stage 850. Finally, an end of the interconnect is capped at stage 860 to electrically couple the interconnect to the corresponding terminal.

FIGS. 9A-9J are schematic side cross-sectional views illustrating one embodiment of method 800 in greater detail. FIG. 9A, more specifically, is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the area for one of the external contacts 230 shown in FIG. 2. In this embodiment, the first dielectric layer 550 is applied to the front side 212 of the substrate, and the second dielectric layer 552 is applied over the first dielectric layer 550. The second dielectric layer 552 is patterned and etched to expose the terminal 232. After depositing the second dielectric layer 552, a mask 910 is applied over the second dielectric layer 552 and patterned. The mask 910 can be a layer of resist that is patterned according to the arrangement of terminals 232 on the substrate 210. As such, the mask 910 has an opening 912 over the terminal 232.

Referring to FIG. 9B, a hole or aperture 920 is formed through at least part of the substrate 210. The hole 920 extends through the terminal 232, the first dielectric layer 550, and a portion of the substrate 210 to define a blind hole or via 925. For purposes of this specification, a “blind hole” refers to a hole or aperture that extends only partially through the substrate 210 or is otherwise closed at one end. The hole 920 is formed by etching through the materials using one or more individual etches. After forming the hole 920, the mask 910 is removed from the die 220.

The hole 920 can alternatively be formed using a laser in addition to or in lieu of etching. If a laser is used to form all or a portion of the hole 920, it is typically cleaned using chemical cleaning agents to remove slag or other contaminants as described above with respect to FIG. 6B. Although laser cutting the hole 920 may be advantageous because the substrate 210 does not need to be patterned, etching the hole 920 may be easier because the slag does not need to be cleaned from the hole 920. Etching the hole 920 may also include many of the additional advantages described above with respect to etching through-holes in FIG. 5B.

Referring next to FIG. 9C, a third dielectric layer 930 is deposited onto the substrate 210 to line the sidewalls of the blind hole 925 within the substrate 210. The third dielectric layer 930 electrically insulates components in the substrate 210 from an interconnect that is subsequently formed in the blind hole 925, as described in greater detail below. In one embodiment, the third dielectric layer 930 can be a low temperature CVD oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition process similar to that described above with respect to FIG. 5C. In other embodiments, the third dielectric layer 930 can be a silane-based oxide material or other suitable dielectric materials. A barrier layer 932 is then deposited onto the substrate 210 over the third dielectric layer 930. In practice, the barrier layer 932 generally covers the second dielectric layer 552 and the terminal 232 in addition to the third dielectric layer 930. The barrier layer 932 can be deposited onto the substrate 210 using a vapor deposition process, such as CVD or PVD. The barrier layer 932 can be composed of W, Ta, or other suitable materials.

Referring next to FIG. 9D, a seed layer 934 is deposited onto the barrier layer 932. The seed layer 934 can be deposited using vapor deposition techniques, such as CVD, PVD, and/or ALD. The seed layer 934 can be composed of Cu or other suitable materials. The thickness of the seed layer 934 is generally 400 to 2000 Angstroms. The seed layer 934, however, may not cover the barrier layer 932 uniformly. This may cause subsequent electroplating processes to not apply a uniform metal layer onto the workpiece. If the seed layer 934 is deficient, it can be enhanced using an enhancement process that fills voids or noncontinuous regions of the seed layer 934 to form a more uniform seed layer. One suitable seed layer enhancement process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,181, which is incorporated by reference.

Referring next to FIG. 9E, a resist layer 936 is deposited onto the seed layer 934, and the resist layer 936 is patterned to have an opening 937 over the terminal 232 and corresponding blind hole 925. In several embodiments, a first conductive layer 938 can then be deposited onto the exposed portions of the seed layer 934 in the blind hole 925. The first conductive layer 938 can be Cu that is deposited onto the seed layer 934 in an electroless plating operation, electroplating operation, or another suitable method. The application of the first conductive layer 938 is an optional step that can be omitted in several embodiments.

Referring to FIG. 9F, a second conductive layer 940 is deposited onto the first conductive layer 938 in the blind hole 925. The second conductive layer 940 is a wetting agent that facilitates depositing subsequent materials into the blind hole 925. The second conductive layer 940 can be Ni that is deposited onto the first conductive layer 938 using an electroless plating process. In other embodiments, the blind hole 925 may be coated with other suitable materials using other methods.

Referring next to FIG. 9G, a vent hole 950 is formed in the substrate 210 extending from a bottom portion of the blind hole 925 to the backside 214 of the substrate 210. The vent hole 950 can be formed using a laser to cut through the substrate 210 from the backside 214 to the bottom of the blind hole 925. The laser can be aligned with the blind hole 925 and/or corresponding terminal 232 using scanning/alignment systems known in the art. A suitable laser is the Xise200 commercially available from Xsil Ltd. of Dublin, Ireland. After forming the vent hole 950, it is generally cleaned to remove slag and/or other undesirable byproducts resulting from the laser. For example, the vent hole 950 can be cleaned using suitable cleaning agents described above with respect to FIG. 6B. In other embodiments, the vent hole 950 can be formed using an etching process or another suitable method. In alternative embodiments, the vent hole 950 may not be formed in the substrate 210 and/or the vent hole 950 may be formed at a different stage of the method.

Referring next to FIG. 9H, a conductive fill material 960 is deposited into the blind hole 925 to form an interconnect 962. The interconnect 962 has a first end 963 proximate to the terminal 232 and a second end 964 at the bottom of the blind hole 925. In the illustrated embodiment, the fill material 960 is SnAgCu solder. In other embodiments, the fill material 960 can be SnPb solder, solder materials having other compositions, or another suitable material. The fill material 960 can be deposited into the blind hole 925 using plating processes, solder wave processes, screen printing processes, reflow processes, vapor deposition processes, or other suitable techniques. The plating processes, for example, can include electroless and/or electroplating processes. Several embodiments of methods for depositing the fill material 960 into the blind hole 925 are described below with respect to FIGS. 12A-14.

Referring to FIG. 9I, the resist layer 936 is removed from the substrate 210 and a suitable etching process is used to remove the remaining portions of the seed layer 934 and barrier layer 932 on the front side 212 of the substrate 210. Referring to FIG. 9J, the substrate 210 is thinned to a desired thickness “T” by removing material from the backside 214 of the substrate 210. In the illustrated embodiment, the second end 964 of the interconnect 962 is exposed after removing material from the backside 214. In one embodiment, the initial thickness of the substrate 210 is approximately 750 μm, and the final thickness T is approximately 100-500 μm. The initial and final thicknesses can be different in other embodiments. The backside 214 of the substrate 210 can be thinned using CMP processes, dry etching processes, chemical etching processes, chemical polishing, grinding procedures, or other suitable processes. In several embodiments, the substrate 210 can be recessed to bring out a solder “post” (not shown) after thinning the workpiece. The solder post is positioned to allow connection of the interconnect to solder balls, external devices, and/or boards.

One feature of the method described above with reference to FIGS. 9A-9J is that the vent hole 950 allows trapped air, gases, or volatile solvents to escape from the larger blind hole 925 when filling the blind hole with the fill material 960. In this way, the vent hole 950 allows the fill material 960 to more easily flow into the blind hole 925 and mitigates the likelihood of voids or discontinuities in the interconnect 962.

Another advantage of several embodiments of the method described above in FIGS. 9A-9J is that the vent hole 950 will not become plugged while depositing the fill material 960 into the blind hole 925. Because the vent hole 950 is formed after depositing the second conductive layer 940, the fill material 960 deposited into the blind hole 925 will only flow as far as the wetting material (e.g., the second conductive layer 940) and will not flow into the vent hole 950. Accordingly, the vent hole 950 will remain open during the filling process and allow any gases and/or fluids trapped in the blind hole 925 to escape.

FIGS. 10A-10E illustrate a method for forming a through-wafer interconnect for the die 220 in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. FIG. 10A shows the die 220 at a point in the process that is similar to the die 220 illustrated in FIG. 9B. The method shown in FIGS. 10A-10E, however, differs from that described above with reference to FIGS. 9A-9J in that the layers of material deposited into the blind hole 925 are different materials and a vent hole is not formed in the substrate 210. Therefore, referring to FIG. 10A, the hole or aperture 920 is formed through at least part of the substrate 210. The hole 920 extends through the terminal 232, the first dielectric layer 550, and a portion of the substrate 210 defining a blind hole 925. The hole 920 is formed by etching through the materials using one or more individual etches or a laser as described above with respect to FIG. 9B.

Referring next to FIG. 10B, a third dielectric layer 1030 is deposited onto the die 220 to line the sidewall of the blind hole 925 within the substrate 210. In practice, the third dielectric layer 1030 generally covers the second dielectric layer 552 and the terminal 232 in addition to lining the sidewalls of the blind hole 925. The third dielectric layer 1030 can include a furnace oxide or another suitable dielectric material described above. In this embodiment, a first conductive layer 1040 is then deposited onto the third dielectric layer 1030. The first conductive layer 1040 can be composed of TiN or other suitable materials.

Referring next to FIG. 10C, the first conductive layer 1040 and the third dielectric layer 1030 are etched from the horizontal and diagonal surfaces of the die 220 using one or more spacer etches. This leaves a portion of the third dielectric layer 1030 lining the sidewall of the blind hole 925 and a portion of the first conductive layer 1040 on the third dielectric layer 1030. In one embodiment, the first conductive layer 1040 is etched first using a first spacer etch that does not etch the third dielectric layer 1030, and then the third dielectric layer 1030 is etched using a second spacer etch that does not etch the first conductive layer 1040 in the blind hole 925.

Referring next to FIG. 10D, a second conductive layer 1042 is then deposited onto the first conductive layer 1040 and the blind hole 925 is filled with a conductive material. The second conductive layer 1042 can be a wetting agent to facilitate filling the blind hole 925 with the conductive fill material. The second conductive layer 1042 can accordingly be Ni or another suitable material deposited onto the remaining portions of the first conductive layer 1040 using an electroless plating process.

A conductive fill material is then deposited into the blind hole 925 to form an interconnect 1050 in the die 220. The fill material can include a SnPb solder deposited into the blind hole 925 using a solder wave process. In alternative embodiments, the fill material may be a solder material having a different composition or another suitable electrically conductive material. Further, the fill material may be deposited into the blind hole 925 using other methods, such as plating processes, vapor deposition processes, or other suitable methods. The interconnect 1050 has a first end 1052 proximate to the terminal 232 and a second end 1054 at the bottom of the blind hole 925.

Referring to FIG. 10E, the backside 214 of the substrate 210 is then thinned using a CMP process or another suitable grinding process. The backside 214 of the substrate 210 is ground to a desired thickness “T” until the second end 1054 of the interconnect 1050 is exposed. The substrate thickness T can be approximately 200-1,000 μm, 300-750 μm, or about 500 μm. A fourth dielectric layer 1060 is applied to the backside 214 of the substrate 210 and then etched to expose the second end 1054 of the interconnect 1050, and a cap 1070 is formed on the first end 1052 of the interconnect 1050 to electrically couple the terminal 232 to the interconnect 1050.

FIGS. 11A-11H illustrate a method for forming an interconnect in a blind hole in accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention. This method begins with the substrate 210, the first dielectric layer 550, the second dielectric layer 552, and the terminal 232 as shown in FIG. 9A. A portion of the second dielectric layer 552 is removed to expose the terminal 232. The process shown in FIGS. 11A-11H, however, differs from the methods shown in FIGS. 9A-9J and FIGS. 10A-10E in that a hole or aperture is formed from the backside 214 of the substrate 210 instead of the front side 212. Before forming the blind hole, the substrate 210 can be thinned by grinding the backside of the substrate 210 to form the backside 214 to a desired thickness “T.” The substrate thickness T can be approximately 200-1,000 μm, 300-750 μm, or about 500 μm. The backside 214 of the substrate 210 can be thinned using CMP processes, dry grinding processes, or other suitable grinding procedures.

After the substrate 210 is thinned to a thickness T, a third dielectric layer 1110 is applied over the backside 214 of the substrate 210. The third dielectric layer 1110 can be a polyimide material or another nonconductive material generally similar to the first and second dielectric layers 550 and 552 described above with respect to FIG. 5A. In alternate embodiments, one or more of the dielectric layers 550/552/1110 may be omitted.

FIGS. 11B-11H illustrate subsequent stages of forming this embodiment of the interconnect. FIG. 11B, for example, is a schematic side cross-sectional view of the die 220 after a hole or aperture 1120 has been formed through the substrate 210 in alignment with a corresponding terminal 232. The hole 1120 is formed by patterning the backside 214 of the substrate 210 and etching through the substrate 210 from the backside 214. The hole 1120 can be etched using a process that selectively removes material from the substrate 210 compared to the first dielectric layer 550. The first dielectric layer 550 can accordingly be an etch-stop.

Referring to FIG. 11C, the first dielectric layer 550 directly beneath the terminal 232 is etched to expose a backside 1122 of the terminal 232. The hole 1120 and the exposed backside 1122 of the terminal 232 define a blind hole 1125. The second etching process for the first dielectric layer 550 can be different than the first etching process for the substrate 210. For example, the second etching process can selectively remove material from the first dielectric layer 550 at a higher etch rate than from either the substrate 210 or the terminal 232. The second etching process accordingly does not alter the general structure of the terminal 232 and/or the substrate 210. In an alternative embodiment, the substrate 210 and the first dielectric layer 550 can be etched using a single etch to form the hole 1120. The hole 1120 can alternatively be formed using a laser in addition to or in lieu of etching. If a laser is used to form all or a portion of the hole 1120, it is typically cleaned using chemical cleaning agents to remove slag or other contaminants as described previously.

Referring to FIG. 11D, a fourth dielectric layer 1130 is applied to the die 220 to line the sidewall of the blind hole 1125. In the illustrated embodiment, the fourth dielectric layer 1130 also covers the backside 1122 of the terminal 232 and the third dielectric layer 1110. The fourth dielectric layer 1130 can be a low temperature CVD oxide or another suitable dielectric material. Referring next to FIG. 11E, the fourth dielectric layer 1130 is etched from the horizontal and diagonal surfaces of the die 220 using a spacer etch or dry etch. This leaves portions of the fourth dielectric layer 1130 lining the sidewall of the blind hole 1125 to electrically insulate components in the substrate 210 from conductive materials subsequently deposited into the blind hole 1125.

Referring next to FIG. 11F, a first conductive layer 1140 is deposited onto the die 220 and then etched to cover the portion of the fourth dielectric layer 1130 lining the sidewall of the blind hole 1125. In the illustrated embodiment, the first conductive layer 1140 is deposited over the backside 214 of the die 220 so that it covers the third dielectric layer 1110, the fourth dielectric layer 1130, and the backside 1122 of the terminal 232. The first conductive layer 1140 is generally composed of a metal, such as TiN, but in other embodiments the first conductive layer 1140 can be composed of other suitable materials. The first conductive layer 1140 is then etched from the horizontal and diagonal surfaces of the die 220 using a spacer etch to leave the remaining portions of the first conductive layer 1140 on the fourth dielectric layer 1130 in the blind hole 1125.

Referring to FIG. 11G, a second conductive layer 1142 is deposited onto the remaining portions of the first conductive layer 1140 in the blind hole 1125. The second conductive layer 1142 is a wetting agent that facilitates depositing subsequent metals into the blind hole 1125. The second conductive layer 1142 can be Ni that is deposited onto a first conductive layer 1140 composed of TiN in an electroless plating operation. In other embodiments, the blind hole 1125 can be coated with other suitable materials using other methods, or one or more of the first and second conductive layers 1140 and 1142 may be omitted.

Referring next to FIG. 11H, a conductive fill material 1150 is deposited into the blind hole 1125 to form an interconnect 1152 extending through the die 220. In one embodiment, the fill material 1150 can include a SnPb solder deposited into the blind hole 1125 using a solder wave process. In alternative embodiments, the fill material 1150 may be a solder material having a different composition or another suitable electrically conductive material. Further, the fill material 1150 may be deposited into the blind hole 1125 using electroplating, electroless plating, or other suitable methods.

The interconnect 1152 has a first end 1153 contacting the backside 1122 of the terminal 232 and a second end 1154 at the backside 214 of the substrate 210. A cap 1156 can be formed at the second end 1154 of the interconnect 1152 after depositing the fill material 1150. In one embodiment, the cap 1156 can be Ni electroplated onto the interconnect 1152. In other embodiments, the cap 1156 can be a wetting agent and/or other material. A solder ball (not shown) can then be attached to the interconnect 1152 at the backside 214 of the substrate 210 to provide an external connection to other electronic devices on the backside of the die 220.

FIGS. 12A-14 illustrate several embodiments of methods for depositing conductive fill material into the blind hole 925. These methods are related to the methods described above with respect to FIGS. 9A-11H, and many reference numbers in FIGS. 12A-14 refer back to those in FIGS. 9A-11H. For example, the method shown in FIGS. 12A-12C can include several steps that are at least generally similar to those described above with respect to FIGS. 9A-9H. The subsequent stages of this method differ from those described above in that a vent hole is not formed through the substrate 210. Instead, the substrate 210 is releasably attached to a support member 1210 (e.g., a carrier substrate) that includes a first side 1212 and a second side 1214 opposite the first side 1212. The first side 1212 of the support member 1210 is releasably attached to the front side 212 of the substrate 210 with an adhesive material 1220. The support member 1210 has a vent hole 1250 substantially aligned with the blind hole 925. The vent hole 1250 can be formed either before or after the support member 1210 is attached to the substrate 210.

Referring next to FIG. 12B, the backside 214 of the substrate 210 is thinned until the bottom portion of the blind hole 925 is opened. The substrate 210 can be thinned using processes similar to those described above with respect to FIG. 9J. Referring to FIG. 12C, this embodiment continues by depositing a fill material into the blind hole 925 to form an interconnect 1264 extending through the substrate 210. The fill material can be a solder material, such SnAgCu solder, SnPb solder, or another solder material having a different composition. The fill material can be deposited into the blind hole 925 using a solder wave process, but in other embodiments the fill material can be deposited using plating procedures or other suitable methods.

FIG. 13 illustrates a method for filling the blind hole 925 using a plating process. This method can include several steps similar to those described above with respect to FIGS. 9A-9E. The subsequent stages of this method, however, may differ from those described above in that the fill material is plated into the blind hole 925 using a bottom-up plating process that selectively fills the blind hole 925 with fill material. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the substrate 210 can conduct electrical current to the seed layer 934 or other conductive material (e.g., conductive layers 936 and 938) in the blind hole 925. In another embodiment, the conductive layers 936 and 938 may not be deposited onto the seed layer 934. This embodiment continues by applying an electrical potential to the backside 214 of the substrate 210 and an electrode 1330 immersed in a plating solution 1320. An electrical current accordingly passes through the substrate 210 such that the ions in the plating solution 1320 plate onto the seed layer 934 and progressively plate onto each other to fill the blind hole 925 and form an interconnect 1364. The plating process can be terminated when the blind hole 925 is either fully or partially filled with the fill material. The substrate 210 can then undergo further processing as described above in FIGS. 9I and 9J.

FIG. 14 illustrates an interconnect 1410 in the die 220 in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. This method differs from the embodiment described above with reference to FIGS. 11F-11H in that a first conductive layer and a second conductive layer are not deposited into the blind hole 1125. Instead, a fill material is plated into the blind hole 1125 using a bottom-up plating process. The plating process can be an electroless or an electrolytic process. In an electrolytic process, for example, a conductive member (not shown) is pressed against the upper side of the terminal 232 while the backside 1122 of the terminal 232 contacts a plating solution (not shown). A potential is applied between the conductive member and the plating solution to plate ions in the solution onto the backside 1122 of the terminal 232. The ions will continue to plate onto each other in a bottom-up manner until the fill material fills the blind hole 1125. The die 220 is then removed from the plating bath and the fill material remains in the blind hole 1125 thus forming the interconnect 1410. The interconnect 1410 can accordingly have a backside end 1414 upon which a solder ball (not shown) can be deposited or other features can be formed.

F. Embodiments of Microelectronic Devices

FIG. 15 is a schematic side cross-sectional view of a microelectronic device 1500 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In one aspect of this embodiment, the microelectronic device 1500 includes a plurality of microelectronic devices 1510 (individually identified as a first microelectronic device 1510 a and a second microelectronic device 1510 b) interconnected in a stacked-die arrangement. The first and second microelectronic dies 1510 a and 1510 b can have many components at least generally similar to the microelectronic dies 220 discussed above and illustrated in FIG. 2. For example, the first microelectronic device 1510 a can include a first microelectronic die 1520 a having an integrated circuit 1522 and external contacts 1530 electrically coupled to the integrated circuit 1522. The external contacts 1530 in the illustrated embodiment include a terminal 1532 (e.g., a bond-pad), an external contact 1534 (e.g., a ball-pad), and an interconnect 1526 extending through the die 1520 a coupling the terminal 1532 to the contact pad 1534. The interconnect 1526 can be constructed using any of the methods described above with respect to FIGS. 3-14. The second microelectronic device 1510 b can include generally similar components as the first microelectronic device 1510 a.

In the illustrated embodiment, a plurality of solder balls 1586 are coupled to corresponding contact pads 1534 at the backside of the individual devices 1510. Accordingly, the solder balls 1586 can be used to electrically connect the first microelectronic device 1510 a to the second microelectronic device 1510 b. A suitable underfill material 1590 or other compound can also be used to structurally attach the microelectronic devices 1510 together in the illustrated stacked-die configuration. Additionally, the solder balls 1586 at the backside of the second device 1510 b can in turn be used to electrically connect the microelectronic device 1500 to another external device or board.

One feature of the embodiments illustrated in FIG. 15 is that the respective first and second microelectronic devices 1510 a and 1510 b are electrically connected without the need for wire-bonds. One advantage of this feature is that the added cost and complexity of wire-bonds is avoided. A further advantage of this feature is that the footprint of the microelectronic device 1500 can be reduced over conventional stacked devices having wire-bond interconnections.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Various aspects of any of the foregoing embodiments can be combined in different combinations. For example, any of the methods for forming interconnects in through-holes extending through the workpiece described above can be used to form interconnects in blind holes. Likewise, any of the the methods for forming interconnects in blind holes described previously can be used to form interconnects in through-holes. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. 

1. A method for manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece having a plurality of microelectronic dies, the individual dies including an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit, the method comprising: forming an opening in the workpiece and in alignment with the terminal; applying an isolation material to at least a portion of the opening, wherein the isolation material is applied using a pulsed layer deposition process; and constructing an electrically conductive interconnect in the opening by depositing a solder material into at least a portion of the opening and in electrical contact with the terminal.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein forming an opening in the workpiece comprises forming a through-hole completely through the workpiece.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein forming an opening in the workpiece comprises etching a through-hole completely through the workpiece.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein forming an opening in the workpiece comprises laser cutting a through-hole completely through the workpiece.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing a solder material comprises depositing a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein depositing a solder material comprises depositing the solder material using a vacuum reflow process, solder wave process, plating process, screen printing process, vapor deposition process, placing a pre-formed sphere of solder in the hole and melting the solder, and/or injecting a solder paste or molten solder into the opening.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein: applying an isolation material comprising applying a low temperature CVD oxide using a pulsed layer deposition process; and depositing a solder material comprises depositing a SnAgCu solder using a vacuum reflow process.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein: applying an isolation material comprising applying a low temperature silane-based oxide; and depositing a solder material comprises depositing a SnPb solder.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the opening over at least a portion of the isolation material; and depositing a wetting agent into the opening over at least a portion of the barrier layer before depositing the solder material into the opening.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the opening over at least a portion of the isolation material, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; and applying a wetting agent into the opening over at least a portion of the isolation material using an electroplating process before depositing the solder material into the opening, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the opening over at least a portion of the isolation material; depositing a seed layer onto the substrate and into the opening over the barrier layer; applying a layer of resist over the workpiece and forming an aperture over the terminal; and applying a conductive layer into the opening and over at least a portion at the seed layer before depositing the solder material into the opening.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from at least a portion of the substrate outside the opening after constructing the interconnect.
 13. The method of claim 11 wherein the conductive layer is a second conductive layer, and wherein the method further comprises applying a first conductive layer into the opening and over the seed layer after applying the layer of resist and before applying the second conductive layer.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer onto the substrate and into the opening over at least a portion of the isolation material, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; depositing a seed layer onto the substrate and into the opening, the seed layer covering at least a portion of the barrier layer, wherein the seed layer includes Cu; enhancing the seed layer; applying a layer of resist over the substrate and forming an aperture over the terminal; applying a conductive layer into at least a portion the opening using an electroplating process, wherein the conductive layer includes Cu; depositing a wetting agent over at least a portion of the conductive layer before depositing a solder material into the opening, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni; and removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from at least a portion of the substrate outside the opening after depositing the solder material into the opening.
 15. A method of manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece, the workpiece including a microelectronic substrate having a front side, a backside, and a plurality of microelectronic dies, the individual dies including an integrated circuit and a plurality of terminals operatively coupled to the integrated circuit, the method comprising: forming a passage through the substrate in alignment with one of the terminals, the passage extending completely through the substrate and the corresponding terminal; applying an isolation material to at least a portion of the passage, wherein the isolation material is applied using a pulsed layer deposition process; and constructing an electrically conductive interconnect in the passage by depositing a solder material into at least a portion of the passage and in electrical contact with the terminal.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein forming a passage comprises laser cutting the passage completely through the substrate.
 17. The method of claim 15 wherein forming a passage comprises etching the passage completely through the substrate.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein depositing a solder material comprises depositing a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 19. The method of claim 15 wherein depositing a solder material comprises depositing the solder material using a vacuum reflow process, solder wave process, plating process, screen printing process, vapor deposition process, placing a pre-formed sphere of solder in the hole and melting the solder, and/or injecting a solder paste or molten solder into the passage.
 20. The method of claim 15 wherein: applying an isolation material comprising applying a low temperature CVD oxide using a pulsed layer deposition process; and depositing a solder material comprises depositing a SnAgCu solder using a vacuum reflow process.
 21. The method of claim 15 wherein: applying an isolation material comprising applying a low temperature silane-based oxide; and depositing a solder material comprises depositing a SnPb solder.
 22. The method of claim 15, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the passage over at least a portion of the isolation material; and depositing a wetting agent into the passage over at least a portion of the barrier layer before depositing the solder material into the passage.
 23. The method of claim 15, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the passage over at least a portion of the isolation material, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; and applying a wetting agent into the passage over at least a portion of the isolation material using an electroplating process before depositing the solder material into the passage, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni.
 24. The method of claim 15, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the passage over at least a portion of the isolation material; depositing a seed layer onto the substrate and into the passage over the barrier layer; applying a layer of resist over the workpiece and forming an aperture over the terminal; and applying a conductive layer into the passage and over at least a portion of the seed layer before depositing the solder material into the passage.
 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from at least a portion of the substrate outside the passage after constructing the interconnect.
 26. The method of claim 24 wherein the conductive layer is a second conductive layer, and wherein the method further comprises applying a first conductive layer into the passage and over the seed layer after applying the layer of resist and before applying the second conductive layer.
 27. The method of claim 15, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer onto the substrate and into the passage over at least a portion of the isolation material, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; depositing a seed layer onto the substrate and into the passage, the seed layer covering at least a portion of the barrier layer, wherein the seed layer includes Cu; enhancing the seed layer; applying a layer of resist over the substrate and forming an aperture over the terminal; applying a conductive layer into at least a portion of the passage using an electroplating process, wherein the conductive layer includes Cu; depositing a wetting agent over at least a portion of the conductive layer before depositing a solder material into the passage, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni; and removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from at least a portion of the substrate outside the passage after depositing the solder material into the passage.
 28. A method for manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece, the workpiece including a microelectronic substrate having a front side, a backside, and a plurality of microelectronic dies, the individual dies including an integrated circuit and an array of bond-pads operatively coupled to the integrated circuit, the method comprising: forming a plurality of holes in the substrate in alignment with corresponding bond-pads; depositing an isolation material into the holes, wherein the isolation material is applied using a pulsed layer deposition process; and constructing electrically conductive interconnects in at least a portion of the individual holes by depositing a solder material into the individual holes and in contact with corresponding bond-pads.
 29. The method of claim 28 wherein forming a plurality of holes comprises forming a plurality of through-holes completely through the substrate.
 30. The method of claim 28, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the holes over at least a portion of the isolation material; and depositing a wetting agent into the holes over at least a portion of the barrier layer before depositing the solder material into the holes.
 31. The method or claim 28, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the holes over at least a portion of the isolation material, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; and applying a wetting agent into the holes over at least a portion of the isolation material using an electroplating process before depositing the solder material into the holes, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni.
 32. The method of claim 28, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer into the holes over at least a portion of the isolation material; depositing a seed layer onto the substrate and into the holes over the barrier layer; applying a layer of resist over the workpiece and forming apertures over the corresponding terminals; and applying a conductive layer into the holes and over at least a portion of the seed layer before depositing the solder material into the holes.
 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from at least a portion of the substrate outside the holes after constructing the interconnects.
 34. The method of claim 32 wherein the conductive layer is a second conductive layer, and wherein the method further comprises applying a first conductive layer into the individual holes and over the seed layer after applying the layer of resist and before applying the second conductive layer.
 35. The method of claim 28, further comprising: depositing a barrier layer onto the substrate and into the holes over at least a portion of the isolation material, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; depositing a seed layer onto the substrate and into the holes, the seed layer covering at least a portion of the barrier layer, wherein the seed layer includes Cu; enhancing the seed layer; applying a layer of resist over the substrate and forming apertures over the corresponding terminals; applying a conductive layer into at least a portion of the holes using an electroplating process, wherein the conductive layer includes Cu; depositing a wetting agent over at least a portion of the conductive layer before depositing a solder material into the holes, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni; and removing the layer of resist, seed layer, and barrier layer from at least a portion of the substrate outside the holes after depositing the solder material into the holes.
 36. The method of claim 28, further comprising singulating the dies from each other after constructing the interconnects.
 37. A method for forming an interconnect in electrical contact with a terminal on a microelectronic workpiece, the method comprising: forming a through-hole extending through the workpiece and in alignment with the terminal; applying a dielectric liner to at least a portion of the through-hole, wherein the dielectric liner is applied using a pulsed layer deposition process; depositing a barrier layer onto the workpiece and into the through-hole over at least a portion of the dielectric liner; applying a wetting agent into the through-hole over at least a portion of the barrier layer; and depositing a solder material into at least a portion of the through-hole and in electrical contact with the terminal.
 38. The method of claim 37 wherein forming a through-hole comprises etching a through-hole completely through the workpiece.
 39. The method of claim 37 wherein forming a through-hole comprises laser cutting a through-hole completely through the workpiece.
 40. The method of claim 37 wherein depositing a solder material comprises depositing a SnAgCu solder using a vacuum reflow process.
 41. The method of claim 37 wherein depositing a barrier layer comprises depositing a barrier layer including W and/or Ta.
 42. The method of claim 37 wherein applying a wetting agent comprises applying Ni using an electroless plating process.
 43. A microelectronic assembly, comprising: a microelectronic workpiece including a substrate having a front side, a backside, and a plurality of microelectronic dies on and/or in the substrate, the individual dies including an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit; an opening extending at least partially through the substrate and in alignment with the terminal; an isolation material disposed in the opening and in contact with the substrate, wherein the isolation material includes a low temperature oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition process; and an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the opening and in electrical contact with the terminal, the interconnect including a solder material.
 44. The assembly of claim 43 wherein the opening comprises a through-hole extending completely through the substrate and the terminal, and wherein the interconnect is disposed in at least a portion of the through-hole.
 45. The assembly of claim 43 wherein the solder material comprises a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 46. The assembly of claim 43 wherein: the isolation material comprises a low temperature CVD oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition process; and the solder material comprises a SnAgCu solder deposited into the opening using a vacuum reflow process.
 47. The assembly of claim 43 wherein: the isolation material comprises a low temperature silane-based oxide material; and the solder material comprises a SnPb solder.
 48. The assembly of claim 43 wherein the interconnect comprises: a barrier layer on the substrate and the sidewalls of the opening; a wetting agent in the opening over at least a portion of the barrier layer; and the solder material disposed in the opening over at least a portion of the wetting agent and electrically coupled to the terminal.
 49. The assembly of claim 43 wherein the interconnect comprises: a barrier layer on the substrate and the sidewalls of the opening, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; a wetting agent in the opening over at least a portion of the barrier layer, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni applied using an electroplating process; and the solder material disposed in the opening over at least a portion of the wetting agent and electrically coupled to the terminal, wherein the solder material includes a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 50. The assembly of claim 43 wherein the interconnect comprises: a barrier layer on the substrate and the sidewalls of the opening; a seed layer on the substrate and in the opening over at least a portion of the barrier layer; a layer of resist over a first side of the workpiece with an aperture over the terminal; a conductive layer in the opening over at least a portion of the seed layer; and the solder material disposed in the opening over at least a portion of the conductive layer and electrically coupled to the terminal.
 51. The assembly of claim 43 wherein the interconnect comprises: a barrier layer on the substrate and the sidewalls of the opening, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; a seed layer on the substrate and in the opening over at least a portion of the barrier layer, wherein the seed layer includes Cu; a layer of resist over the front side of the substrate with an aperture over the terminal; a conductive layer in the opening over at least a portion of the seed layer, wherein the conductive layer includes Cu; a wetting agent over at least a portion of the conductive layer, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni applied using an electroplating process; and the solder material disposed in the opening over at least a portion of the wetting agent and electrically coupled to the terminal, wherein the solder material includes a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 52. The assembly of claim 43 wherein: the terminal is at the front side of the substrate; the workpiece further comprises a ball-pad at the backside of the substrate; and the interconnect extends through the substrate electrically coupling the terminal and the ball-pad.
 53. The assembly of claim 43 wherein: the interconnect has a first end portion coupled to the terminal and a second end portion spaced apart from the first end portion; and the assembly further comprises a solder ball electrically coupled to the second end portion of the interconnect.
 54. A microelectronic assembly, comprising: a microelectronic workpiece including a substrate having a front side, a backside, and a microelectronic die on and/or in the substrate, the die including an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit; a through-hole extending completely through the substrate and in alignment with the terminal; an isolation material disposed in the through-hole and in contact with the substrate, wherein the isolation material includes a low temperature oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition process; and an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the through-hole and in electrical contact with the terminal, the interconnect including a solder material.
 55. The assembly of claim 54 wherein: the isolation material comprises a low temperature CVD oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition process; and the solder material comprises a SnAgCu solder deposited into the opening using a vacuum reflow process.
 56. The assembly of claim 54 wherein: the isolation material comprises a low temperature silane-based oxide material; and the solder material comprises a SnPb solder.
 57. The assembly of claim 54 wherein the interconnect comprises: a barrier layer on the substrate and the sidewalls of the through-hole; a wetting agent in the through-hole over at least a portion of the barrier layer; and the solder material disposed in the through-hole over at least a portion of the wetting agent and electrically coupled to the terminal.
 58. The assembly of claim 54 wherein the interconnect comprises: a barrier layer on the substrate and the sidewalls of the through-hole, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; a wetting agent in the through-hole over at least a portion of the barrier layer, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni applied using an electroplating process; and the solder material disposed in the through-hole over at least a portion of the wetting agent and electrically coupled to the terminal, wherein the solder material includes a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 59. The assembly of claim 54 wherein the interconnect comprises: a barrier layer on the substrate and the sidewalls of the through-hole; a seed layer on the substrate and in the through-hole over at least a portion of the barrier layer; a layer of resist over the front side of the substrate with an aperture over the terminal; a conductive layer in the through-hole over at least a portion of the seed layer; and the solder material disposed in the through-hole over at least a portion of the conductive layer and electrically coupled to the terminal.
 60. The assembly of claim 54 wherein the interconnect comprises: a barrier layer on the substrate and the sidewalls of the through-hole, wherein the barrier layer includes W and/or Ta; a seed layer on the substrate and in the through-hole over at least a portion of the barrier layer, wherein the seed layer includes Cu; a layer of resist over the front side of the substrate with an aperture over the terminal; a conductive layer in the through-hole over at least a portion of the seed layer, wherein the conductive layer includes Cu; a wetting agent over at least a portion of the conductive layer, wherein the wetting agent includes Ni applied using an electroplating process; and the solder material disposed in the through-hole over at least a portion of the wetting agent and electrically coupled to the terminal, wherein the solder material includes a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 61. A microelectronic workpiece including a substrate having a front side and a backside, the workpiece comprising: a plurality of microelectronic dies on and/or in the substrate, the individual dies including an integrated circuit, an array of terminals electrically coupled to the integrated circuit, and a plurality of interconnects extending through the substrate electrically coupling the terminals at the front side of the substrate to corresponding ball-pads at the backside, wherein individual interconnects include an opening extending at least partially through the substrate and in alignment with the corresponding terminal; an isolation material disposed in the opening and in contact with the substrate, wherein the isolation material includes a low temperature oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition process and/or the isolation material includes a silane-based oxide material; and a solder material disposed in at least a portion of the opening and in electrical contact with the terminal; and a plurality of scribe lanes spacing apart the individual dies.
 62. A microelectronic assembly, comprising: a first microelectronic device including a first die with a first integrated circuit, a first bond-pad electrically coupled to the first integrated circuit; and a first interconnect extending through the first die and in contact with the first bond-pad, the first interconnect including a passage extending at least partially through the substrate and in alignment with the corresponding bond-pad, an isolation material disposed in the passage and in contact with the die, the isolation material including a low temperature oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition, process and/or a silane-based oxide material, and a solder material disposed in at least a portion of the passage and in electrical contact with the terminal; and at least a second microelectronic device electrically coupled to the first microelectronic device in a stacked-die arrangement, the second microelectronic device including a second die with a second integrated circuit, a second bond-pad electrically coupled to the second integrated circuit; and a second interconnect extending through the second die and in contact with the second bond-pad.
 63. A method for manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece having a plurality of microelectronic dies, the individual dies including an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit, the method comprising: forming an opening in the workpiece and in alignment with the terminal; applying an isolation material to at least a portion of the opening, wherein the isolation material is applied using a pulsed layer deposition process and/or the isolation material includes a silane-based oxide material; and constructing an electrically conductive interconnect in the opening by depositing a solder material into at least a portion of the opening and in electrical contact with the terminal, wherein the solder material includes a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 64. A method of manufacturing a microelectronic workpiece, the workpiece including a microelectronic substrate having a front side, a backside, and a plurality of microelectronic dies, the individual dies including an integrated circuit and a plurality of terminals operatively coupled to the integrated circuit, the method comprising: forming a passage through the substrate in alignment with one of the terminals, the passage extending completely through the substrate and the corresponding terminal; applying an isolation material to at least a portion of the passage, wherein the isolation material is applied using a pulsed layer deposition process and/or the isolation material includes a silane-based oxide material; and constructing an electrically conductive interconnect in the passage by depositing a solder material into at least a portion of the passage and in electrical contact with the terminal, wherein the solder material includes a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder.
 65. A microelectronic assembly, comprising: a microelectronic workpiece including a substrate having a front side, a backside, and a plurality of microelectronic dies on and/or in the substrate, the individual dies including an integrated circuit and a terminal electrically coupled to the integrated circuit; an opening extending at least partially through the substrate and in alignment with the terminal; an isolation material disposed in the opening and in contact with the substrate, wherein the isolation material includes a low temperature oxide applied using a pulsed layer deposition process and/or the isolation material includes a silane-based oxide material; and an electrically conductive interconnect in at least a portion of the opening and in electrical contact with the terminal, the interconnect including a solder material, and wherein the solder material includes a SnAgCu solder, a SnPb solder, and/or a AuSn solder. 